The song that provided the title of the band's third album surfaced two years later on their fifth album Morrison Hotel.

Almost Blue by Elvis Costello was on Imperial Bedroom

Brain Salad Surgery by ELP was on a flexidisc (and probably on Works or something)

Had an album called Little Black Numbers - the song which appeared on the album Old Low Light - the song which appeared on the album Over Fly Over.

Warren Zevon's The Wind appeared not on the album of the same name, but sung by Billy Bob Thornton on the posthumous tribute Enjoy Every Sandwich.

The Jesus and Mary Chain track Psychocandy didn't appear on their classic debut Psychocandy. Think it was the b side of Some Candy Talking and appeared on the Barbed Wire Kisses compilation.

Screamadelica.

Julian Cope's World Shut Your Mouth isn't on the album of that name.
Elvis Costello's Imperial Bedroom, as noted above, contains Almost Blue but it doesn't contain Imperial Bedroom, which came out as a B side.

It was Culture Club's second album, but the song itself, if I remember correctly, only appeared as a B side.

Also: Eurythmics' song Revenge did not appear on the album of that name; can't recall off the top of my head, but I think it's on Touch.

we're up to 14....any more? keep 'em coming.

The tracks "Bee thousand" and "Alien Lanes" appeared on "The Grand Hour" EP not "Bee Thousand" and "Alien Lanes" Lp's and "Isolation Drils" appears on the "Glad Girls" cd single not the self titled album.

The Gomez song Bring It On appeared on the album Liquid Skin rather than the earlier album Bring It On.

Also I don't know if this counts but the album Fotheringay by the band Fotheringay did not feature the song Fotheringay - that was on the Fairport album What We Did On Our Holidays. Not the same band I realise but they did, of course, have the same singer.

Was left off the Free album and was instead used as one of the B-sides for the God Is a Bullet single.

The Gun Club - Pastoral Hide & Seek: Never made the track listing of the identically titled album. It was later released as a single, where it was referred to in parentheses as (The lost song).

In light of the current metal thread, AC/DC released a live album called If You Want Blood and then a song of that title on their next studio album, Highway to Hell.
Possibly stretching this to breaking point, but according to Joe Boyd Richard Thompson wanted the title track of Shoot Out the Lights left off the album in favour of a piece of fluff called Living In Luxury (it showed up on a b-side). Of course, what we can't say is whether the album would still have been called Shoot Out the Lights if he had succeeded.
Told you it was tenuous, but it does shoe-horn the obligatory Richard Thompson reference into the tread.

Nocturama was B-Side to the single 'Rock of Gibraltar' but not on the album of the same name.

Albums that don't have a title track, but have the album's title in the lyrics of one of the songs e.g.

REM - Reveal
In "I've Been High", Stipey sings "Have I missed the big reveal"

U2 - All That You Can't Leave Behind
In "Walk On", Bono sings "The only baggage you can bring is all that you can't leave behind"

Hall & Oates - Beauty On A Back Street
In "You Must Be Good For Something", Daryl Hall sings "Sitting in the back seat, beauty on a back seat"

Any more?

Crowded house brought out a Best of called 'Recurring Dream' which was named after a much earlier b-side.

Also, the Lightning Seeds 'best of' Like You Do was named after a track on the previous album, 'Dizzy Heights'

The Teardrop Explodes' Kilimanjaro was originally the b-side of the 'When I Dream' single, and didn't appear on the subsequent album of that name.

But then, as if to deliberately ruin this game, it was added to the re-issued re-release. But if we'd have been doing this 10 years ago, it would have counted.

Kingmaker - Eat Yourself Whole (best forgotten in actuality)

James - Stutter (included on `One Man Clapping` but not debut album of same title)

The Flying Creams - Boo Khaki (on second album `Milky Malted Milk` instead)